| General information |
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Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
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| Common name | Flathead grey mullet |
| Synonyms |
Mugil cephalus cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Mugil albula Linnaeus, 1758 Mugil crenilabis our Forsskal, 1775 Mugil our Forsskal, 1775 Mugil tang Bloch, 1794 Mugil provensalis Risso, 1810 Mugil lineatus Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil cephalotus Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 Mugil rammelsbergii Tschudi, 1846 Mugil cephalus rammelsbergi Tschudi, 1846 Mugil vulpinus Nardo, 1847 Mugil dobula Gunther, 1861 |
| IUCN Red List status (2014) |
Least Concern (LC) |
| Habitat |
Saltwater and freshwater |
| Systematics |
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Neoteleostei; Acanthomorphata; Ovalentaria; Mugilomorphae; Mugilidae. |
| Geographical distribution |
India; China; Japan; Indonesia; Bangladesh; Malaysia; Pakistan; Philippines; Thailand; Taiwan; South Korea; Vietnam; Saudi Arabia; Israel; Iran; Egypt; Myanmar; Syria; Lebanon; Hong Kong; Cambodia; Kazakhstan; Turkey; Russia; Australia; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; South Africa; Tanzania; Madagascar; Algeria; Angola; Libya; Somalia; Kenya; Morocco; Namibia; Cameroon; Mozambique; Ghana; Mauritania; Ivory Coast; Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; UK; France; Spain; Portugal; Italy; Greece; Bulgaria; Ukraine; Romania; Georgia; USA; Mexico; Canada; Brazil; Colombia; Peru; Chile; Ecuador; Guyana; Suriname; French Guiana; Hawaii; Panama; Cuba; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Nicaragua; Haiti; Dominican Republic; Guatemala; Honduras; Fiji; French Polynesia; New Caledonia; Tonga; Vanuatu; Barbados; El Salvador; Grenada; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and Tobago; Albania; Cyprus; Malta; Serbia; Slovenia; Cape Verde; Comoros; Gabon; Gambia; Mauritius; Mayotte; Reunion; Sao Tome and Principe; Seychelles; Tunisia |
| Occurrence |
native: India; native: China; native: Japan; native: Indonesia; native: Bangladesh; native: Malaysia; native: Pakistan; native: Philippines; native: Thailand; native: Taiwan; native: South Korea; native: Vietnam; native: Saudi Arabia; native: Israel; native: Iran; native: Egypt; native: Myanmar; native: Syria; native: Lebanon; native: Hong Kong; native: Cambodia; native: Kazakhstan; native: Turkey; introduced: Russia; native: Australia; native: New Zealand; native: Papua New Guinea; native: South Africa; native: Tanzania; native: Madagascar; native: Algeria; native: Angola; native: Libya; native: Somalia; native: Kenya; native: Morocco; native: Namibia; native: Cameroon; native: Mozambique; native: Ghana; native: Mauritania; native: Ivory Coast; native: Senegal; native: Guinea; native: Sierra Leone; native: UK; native: France; native: Spain; native: Portugal; native: Italy; native: Greece; native: Bulgaria; native: Ukraine; native: Romania; native: Georgia; native: USA; native: Mexico; native: Canada; native: Brazil; native: Colombia; native: Peru; native: Chile; native: Ecuador; questionable: Guyana; questionable: Suriname; native: French Guiana; native: Hawaii; native: Panama; questionable: Cuba; questionable: Jamaica; questionable: Puerto Rico; native: Costa Rica; native: Nicaragua; questionable: Haiti; questionable: Dominican Republic; native: Guatemala; native: Honduras; native: Fiji; native: French Polynesia; native: New Caledonia; native: Tonga; native: Vanuatu; questionable: Barbados; native: El Salvador; questionable: Grenada; questionable: Saint Kitts and Nevis; questionable: Saint Lucia; questionable: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; native: Trinidad and Tobago; native: Albania; native: Cyprus; native: Malta; native: Serbia; native: Slovenia; native: Cape Verde; native: Comoros; native: Gabon; native: Gambia; native: Mauritius; native: Mayotte; native: Reunion; native: Sao Tome and Principe; native: Seychelles; native: Tunisia |
| Importance |
Food/ornamental |
| Remarks |
No heteromorphic elements in karyotype of either sex. |
| Karyological information |
| Record 1 |
| Geographical area of study |
Vellar Estuary, South eastcoast of India |
| Source of chromosomes |
Gill epithelium |
| Number of specimens with sex |
Both sexes |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
48m |
| Fundamental arm number |
|
| Chromosome length |
1.40 to 3.30 |
| Sex chromosome |
No heteromorphic elements in karyotype of either s |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
Not reported |
| Reference |
Natarajan R, Subrahmanyam K (1974). A Karyotype Study of Some Teleosts from Portonovo Waters. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section B79(5): 173-196. |
| Record 2 |
| Geographical area of study |
Coastal waters of southeastern Louisiana (Jefferson Parish near Grand Isle) and in southwestern Louisiana (Cameron Parish near the town of Cameron). |
| Source of chromosomes |
Spleen, kidney, gill. |
| Number of specimens with sex |
10 |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
48a |
| Fundamental arm number |
- |
| Chromosome length |
- |
| Sex chromosome |
- |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
- |
| Reference |
LeGrande WH, Fitzsimons JM (1976). Karyology of the mullets Mugil curema and M. cephalus (Perciformes: Mugilidae) from Louisiana. Copeia, 1976(2): 388-391. |
| Record 3 |
| Geographical area of study |
Maccarese (Roma), Tarquinia (Mouth of the Marta river), Italy. |
| Source of chromosomes |
Cephalic kidney. |
| Number of specimens with sex |
4 |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
48a |
| Fundamental arm number |
- |
| Chromosome length |
Longest 2- 3µm, smallest 1µm. |
| Sex chromosome |
- |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
- |
| Reference |
Cataudella S, Civitelli MV, Capanna E. (1974). Chromosome complements of the Mediterranean mullets (Pisces Perciformes). Caryologia, 27(1): 93-105. |
| Record 4 |
| Geographical area of study |
Fiumicino (Italy), Southport and Mosquito Lagoon (USA), Oahu Island (Hawaii, Central Pacific Ocean), Brisbane (Australia), Tainan (Taiwan). |
| Source of chromosomes |
Pooled cephalic kidney, spleen and gill cells. |
| Number of specimens with sex |
25 |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
48a |
| Fundamental arm number |
48 |
| Chromosome length |
- |
| Sex chromosome |
- |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
C-bands present at centromeres of almost all chromosomes and at terminal region of long arm of chromosome 1. Ag-, CMA3- and 18S rDNA positive signals also found on chromosome 1 only. |
| Reference |
Rossi AR, Crosetti D, Gornung E, Sola L. (1996). Cytogenetic analysis of global populations of Mugil cephalus (striped mullet) by different staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Heredity 76: 77-82. |
| Record 5 |
| Geographical area of study |
Malaga coast, Spain |
| Source of chromosomes |
- |
| Number of specimens with sex |
Both male and female |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
- |
| Fundamental arm number |
48 |
| Chromosome length |
48.6 |
| Sex chromosome |
- |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
- |
| Reference |
Cano J, Thode G, Alvarez M (1982). Karyoevolutive Considerations in 29 mediterranean teleost fishes. Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment, Observatoire Océanologique -Laboratoire Arago, 32(1): 21-24. |
| Record 6 |
| Geographical area of study |
- |
| Source of chromosomes |
- |
| Number of specimens with sex |
- |
| Diploid chromosome number |
48 |
| Karyotype formula |
48a |
| Fundamental arm number |
- |
| Chromosome length |
1-2.5 µm |
| Sex chromosome |
- |
| Chromosome staining/banding/FISH |
- |
| Reference |
Cataudella S, Capanna E (1973). Chromosome complements of three species of Mugilidae (Pisces, Perciformes). Experentia, 29(4), 489–491. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01926801#citeas |
| Cross Link |